Free Essays on Mexicos Treatment Of The Zapatista Revolutionaries

Mexico’s Treatment of the Zapatista Revolutionaries The EZLN(Zapatista National Liberation Army) members get their name from the revolutionary hero Emiliano Zapata who fought in the Mexican Revolution {1910-1921},73 years ago.The remebrance of Emiliano Zapata has faded into the history books . The people who heired to the betrayers of Zapata are headed by the Institutional Revolutionary Party and President Ernesto Zedillo. Now, the heirs to Zapata have come back to claim what is rightfully theirs, which are the rights of having their own land, fair voting rights, and the right to equal representation within political affairs. The EZLN is established among the indigenous people who live in and around the jungle in Lacondona, east of the high plains of Chiapas. Chiapas is a very poor area. 41% of the population has no running water. 34.9% don’t have electricity. 63% of the people live in one room houses for large families. 19% of the labour force doesn’t have income and 67% of the labour force live on only minimum wage. Article 27 promises Land Reform in the constitution, yet nothing has changed here. Northern Mexico has developed factories and has become more industrialized, while in the south, it has been left a wilderness. The EZLN fears that NAFTA (North America Free Trade Agreement will keep Chiapas more isolated and inderdeveloped. The Zapatista area has around 32 rebel groups who refuse to acknowledge the Mexican or local government. They send representatives to the council that is in charge of organizing the rebellion, the Clandestine Revolutionary Indigenous Commitee. This is organized through a delegate based democracy. Its made up of delegates of from each town. Its responsible for the politics and organization of the EZLN and its highest power. â€Å"So we decided that there is no way other than to organize and rise up like this in armed struggle. So we began to organize ourselbes like that, secre... Free Essays on Mexico's Treatment Of The Zapatista Revolutionaries Free Essays on Mexico's Treatment Of The Zapatista Revolutionaries Mexico’s Treatment of the Zapatista Revolutionaries The EZLN(Zapatista National Liberation Army) members get their name from the revolutionary hero Emiliano Zapata who fought in the Mexican Revolution {1910-1921},73 years ago.The remebrance of Emiliano Zapata has faded into the history books . The people who heired to the betrayers of Zapata are headed by the Institutional Revolutionary Party and President Ernesto Zedillo. Now, the heirs to Zapata have come back to claim what is rightfully theirs, which are the rights of having their own land, fair voting rights, and the right to equal representation within political affairs. The EZLN is established among the indigenous people who live in and around the jungle in Lacondona, east of the high plains of Chiapas. Chiapas is a very poor area. 41% of the population has no running water. 34.9% don’t have electricity. 63% of the people live in one room houses for large families. 19% of the labour force doesn’t have income and 67% of the labour force live on only minimum wage. Article 27 promises Land Reform in the constitution, yet nothing has changed here. Northern Mexico has developed factories and has become more industrialized, while in the south, it has been left a wilderness. The EZLN fears that NAFTA (North America Free Trade Agreement will keep Chiapas more isolated and inderdeveloped. The Zapatista area has around 32 rebel groups who refuse to acknowledge the Mexican or local government. They send representatives to the council that is in charge of organizing the rebellion, the Clandestine Revolutionary Indigenous Commitee. This is organized through a delegate based democracy. Its made up of delegates of from each town. Its responsible for the politics and organization of the EZLN and its highest power. â€Å"So we decided that there is no way other than to organize and rise up like this in armed struggle. So we began to organize ourselbes like that, secre...

4 mistakes bosses make when hiring new employees

4 mistakes bosses make when hiring new employees By the time you’re ready to hire a new employee, it can feel like the end of a long and exhausting process. You’ve talked to lots of people, you’ve read countless resumes, and you could be under a time crunch just to get someone in and working. There’s probably pressure to wrap things up. Even so, as you get ready to hire and onboard new employees, it’s important to make sure you’re avoiding some of the oh-so-common mistakes.Mistake: Over-reliance on first impressionsWhen hiring, many people like to go with gut instinct when they meet a candidate. But are you hiring this person because you like them, or because they’re truly the best person for the job? Before making an offer, do a careful review of how the person meets your needs for the job. If they fall short in some areas (but your instinct is that they can learn or grow to adapt), make sure that potential is grounded in reality- not just wishful thinking. So don’t discount your first impression completely, but do several gut checks along the way to make sure you really believe they’re the right person for the role.Mistake: Not preparing everyone for the new arrivalIt’s not quite the same as sitting a kid down and explaining that he’s going to have a new brother or sister, but the dynamics don’t necessarily change all that much from childhood to adulthood. Your team probably knows you’ve been looking to hire a new person, but the â€Å"okay, it’s done, here’s your new coworker† approach can feel jarring.If you can, involve team members in the hiring process, even if they don’t have any final say in the decision. You can still have them meet with the candidate during the interview process and ask for feedback. Before the new person starts, make sure everyone’s got a basic idea of who the new team member is. A â€Å"get ready to welcome X! He will be working on these projects, and I h ear he plays a mean cello† email can help break the ice and prepare people for their new colleague.This goes for the new person as well- he or she should get a brief overview of the team, who does what, and what the group expectations are. Starting in a new job can feel overwhelming enough, but knowing a bit about what the person is walking into can help ease the transition.hbspt.cta.load(2785852, '9e52c197-5b5b-45e6-af34-d56403f973c5', {});Mistake: Not defining expectations for the job and boss-employee relationshipJob interviews can be so focused on the on-paper requirements for the job that some of the interpersonal parts can get lost. When you’re interviewing someone and it’s likely to progress to a job offer, make sure they understand what your role as the boss is, as well as your priorities and expectations for the job. Again, the more you can let them know up front, the easier it will be to transition the right person into the role. Or at least identify po tential red flags or conflicts before it’s too late.Mistake: Expecting perfection from Day OneYou’re hiring someone qualified for the job, as determined from the thorough vetting of the hiring process. So this person should be ready to rock it on day one, right? Yes†¦ and no. While you shouldn’t lower expectations for the person in the role, it’s important to remember that there’s a learning curve in any new position. Even if the person held a very similar job at a different company, there’s still the potential roadblock of new systems, new workplace dynamics and politics, and different priorities.Having a new employee onboarding plan can help this. By anticipating the things that the new person will need to learn and master over a certain amount of time (like processes, systems, software, etc.), you can help manage expectations- your own and theirs.Putting a little extra thought and planning into your new hire now will help you avoid s ome headaches and misunderstandings down the line. And look at it this way: the better this transition goes, the more likely it is that you’ll have thriving, satisfied employees, and less likely that you’ll be going through the same process again sooner than you’d hope.

Care management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Care management - Essay Example Here you are dealing with human beings, not furniture! Veronica arranged to have the referral documentation completed and waited for a place for Mrs. James in good faith. But what happened? It is quite surprising that Veronica Gibbs, the Ward Manager was not aware of a particular procedural aspect that affected her and her patient. The age difference and the merit of the case is a later issue. The prime question is, why Veronica Gibbs was not taken into confidence, at least informed in advance, about the impending admission of a patient, on out-of -turn basis, superceding the ‘seniority’ of Veronica Gibbs! Veronica arranged to have the referral documentation completed and waited for a place for her patient. Coffee house is not the place for Veronica to know, how she has been overruled. That too it is a matter of chance that she came to know about it! This lapse on the part of the authority that took decision to admit a junior patient without the knowledge of Veronica Gibbs is regrettable and difficult to condone! Assuming for a while that the young patient required the treatment for a short duration (as compared to the assumed treatment of Mrs. Violet James for a longer duration) yet, the clandestine admission of the junior patient can not be justified. Mrs. James is bound to know about this development. Won’t she feel betrayed by Veronica Gibbs? Even she too should have been taken into confidence, as to why a junior patient was considered for admission and the special reasons about it. All concerned would have been happy. Trust betrayed takes time to heal, at times, it may never heal at all. With this wrong advertisement, the good will of the Care Management will suffer much. Without doubt, the practice adopted by the Care Management, is wrong. I know a case where a rich patient admitted to the hospital for kidney transplantation, getting preference in the matter related to operation. The specialist

Comparative study of Mergers and Acquisitions processes in France and Essay

Comparative study of Mergers and Acquisitions processes in France and in the United States - Essay Example Research results reveal that the M&A transactions are generally cheaper in France than in the US. According to Alkhafaji, by the above ruling it is meant that the financial assets that are used to execute the M&A transactions together with the duration that is required. The only situation that presents the US as being at par with France, as far as the number of person-days needed to execute M&A are concerned, is when there is seen to be a phase (9a) that portends the execution of the Dispute Without Formal Litigation. This is because the person-days are almost the same in France and US. As far as cost is concerned, M&A transactions in America are significantly of exorbitant cost than France. However, Phase 9(b) Dispute with Formal Litigation in France requires more asset input than in US. In this situation, the transaction cost in the US and in France remains equal. Similarly, economic pundits, such as Terrence, point out that there is a dearth of uniformity between the US and Franc e M&A as far as the results for step-time and satisfaction are concerned. The satisfaction for steps that begins with the exchanging of preliminary information during the drafting of ancillary documents is said to be also considerably the same between US and France. Sweet and Larsson observes that the France’s step (9b) Dispute with formal litigation also remains comparably the same to that of the US. However, it is pointed out that in the US, satisfaction remains higher as far as the Dispute without Formal Litigation is concerned.

Treatment of Tb Essay Example for Free

Treatment of Tb Essay Tuberculosis, they say, is a disease of the poor and truly it is a disease that puts us high above other nations in the world. We are currently among the 22nd high TB burdened countries and are under the WHO TB watch list. Tuberculosis is such a problem for us. Imagine, 75 of our fellowmen die each day because of TB. Tuberculosis, however, is not a terminal disease. Before, people thought once you have TB you’ll just die not cured with the disease. But now, it is actually very curable. Our government, in addressing to this dreaded disease, formulated the National Tuberculosis Program or NTP. This program envisions our nation as a country where TB is no longer a public health problem. The goal therefore is to reduce the prevalence and mortality from TB by half by the year 2015. Now, this is where DOTS comes in. At first, I thought DOTS is just about making sure that the patient is really taking in his TB regimens – like literally swallowing the medicines on schedule. It, however, is not just as simple as that. DOTS or Direct Observed Treatment, Short-Course is the WHO-recommended strategy for diagnosis, treatment and management of TB. Since TB is curable, the WHO believes that the best way to cure TB is through DOTS. It is a health strategy made up of five important components: Political Commitment for TB Control; Facilities for Microscopic Diagnosis of Sputum Positive Smear Patient; Unlimited Supply of Good Quality Anti-TB Drugs; Direct Observation of Therapy; and, Good Record Keeping. Through these components, it is made sure that the program is managed properly and that the sputum microscopy is of good quality. The program is embraced by the government and made sure it is implemented. Health professionals are taught and trained well on the importance of the program, precautionary measures, how to deal with the TB patient, and, most importantly, on the proper identification and reporting of sputum microscopy results. There is therefore uniformity in the reporting of laboratory results. The government has also allotted a specific monetary budget for the services of the health professionals under this program. There is also the regular supply of drugs, not only just drugs but medications that are of good quality and recommended by the WHO. More importantly, these drugs are FREE! All the patient has to do is to comply with the treatment. But, there are still patients who are, well, â€Å"human† – remarkably wise, talented entrepreneur (because some sell their TB medicines to others who also present with TB symptoms as they have). They have a mind of their own; they have their own treatment strategy. These make TB treatment difficult and pose threat on the development of resistant organisms because the medications are not taken on proper dosage and duration. It is because of this that there is this 4th element of the DOTS strategy – the direct observation of the treatment partner (treatment partners could either be a Staff of the Health Center, Member of the Community , or Member of the patient’s family (last priority)) of the patient taking in the TB medications. With good record keeping, the patients are properly monitored and followed up wherever they may be in the country. With just one missed appearance on treatment appointments, the in-charge health partner is alerted. There’s no reason at all for non compliance. What is more wonderful with DOTS in our country is that we have this PPMD or the Private – Public Mixed DOTS. This is very important because even the private health institutions apply DOTS so that wherever may the patient consult he or she is directed to the same treatment strategy for TB which ensures patient receives proper treatment and program benefits. Upon enrollment with the DOTS program, there is an allotted box of medications both for the intensive phase and the maintenance phase – the Stop TB Kit. With those new pulmonary smear positive cases and new seriously ill pulmonary smear negative cases, the intensive treatment is made up of four regimens: Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide and Ethambutol. The number of capsules taken will depend on the weight of the patient (since usually the four drugs mentioned are formulated on a single capsule). Like for example, a patient weighing between 38-54 kg will be taking 3 tablets each appointment time with the treatment partner. The intensive treatment lasts for 2 months then a sputum smear will be requested. If patient is still sputum AFB smear positive there will be a month extension for the intensive phase. Afterwhich is the 4 months of maintenance phase. The regimen usually is composed of Isoniazid and Rifampicin. The kind and number of treatment regimens for tuberculosis is such because the TB bacilli, although TB is curable, is very difficult to eradicate and are prone to resistance. This is also why compliance is very important to prevent further development of resistant organisms. Whenever there are MDR TB patients (Multi Drug Resistant TB), they are referred to a higher center in Manila. There, patients are housed for 24 months, still free treatment. I think each MDR patient is budgeted with 500 1 million pesos such a huge amount. It is important therefore for us to prevent the development of such resistant organisms if we want our taxes serve the majority and give us better lives. Through the exposures regarding the DOTS, I now have a great appreciation for this program of the government. Whenever I will have an encounter with a possible TB patient, I could confidently refer him to a DOTS facility. I am hoping that we will truly be able to achieve our vision with regards to tuberculosis control as a nation.

Capital Punishment Essay -- essays research papers

In my opinion the Retributivist approach to Capital Punishment is the more appropriate view. The Retributivist believes that evil done with a vengeance should be repaid with punishment in-kind. In order to protect society and prevent crime, the death penalty has to be the most severe form of punishment with the biggest impact on society. Persons who commit murder should suffer and be punished for their inexcusable action(s). The principles of retributivism suggest that a convicted murderer should be executed because they â€Å"deserve† and â€Å"have earned† the death sentence. The right of retaliation can only be made equal by balancing of the crime with the punishment even if it is the death penalty. Those opposed to the death penalty argue that on moral grounds, all lives are sacred and killing is always wrong, a society, which kills, is no better than the murderer’s being punished. The Retributivist maintains that the death must be kept free from all maltrea tment that would cause suffering to be loathsome or abominable. Punishment and more specifically â€Å"Capital Punishment† is a very controversial and sensitive subject. Not all countries actively enforce Capital Punishment as a punishment, for a person found guilty by a Judge and/or Jury. Punishment is repairing an injustice – â€Å"Making a wrong right†. However, the question is â€Å"once a person has been convicted and sentenced to the death penalty† who has the more appropriate point of view: a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Retributivist: Legal Retributivism says that if a law is broken, punishment must result, regardless of any moral effects. Moralistic retributivism is concerned with the wrongdoing itself; if pain and grief have occurred, the criminal should be compensated with an equal punishment to the crime. Convicted felons must be punished and suffer to the full extent of their crime. It is morally fitting that a person who does wrong should suffer in proportion to their wrongdoing. Society must inflict as much pain and suffering on convicted criminals as was inflicted during the commission of their crime(s). b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Utilitarian: A moral theory according to which an action is right if and only if it conforms to the principle of utility. Utilitarianism is applied to the proposition that the supreme objective of moral action is the achievement of the greatest happiness for the grea... ...ed by it. The retributivist would point out that under this view, if punishment of an innocent person can be used to increase good or decrease harm, the utilitarian principle would be justified. Although the retributivist and utilitarian views of punishment differ, I believe that both these ideas exist in the legal system. There are two positions to punishment: a judge follows retributivism, looking to the past event to determine punishment, whereas the legislators follow the utilitarian view, looking to the future at all possible general cases. There are problems with the apparent coexistence of these two views of punishment. A retributivist cannot allow utility to be too involved in determining punishment, since there guiding principle is that those guilty of wrongdoing must be punished, no matter what. Imagine a scenario where so many criminals get away with a crime, that a utilitarian viewing body of law might decide to punish a token innocent in order to calm public fears. Justice is the theory and practice of exacting the price for the action. Convicted murderers should be put to death because they deserve to die. Utilitarian and humanitarian considerations are irrelev ant. Capital Punishment Essay -- essays research papers In my opinion the Retributivist approach to Capital Punishment is the more appropriate view. The Retributivist believes that evil done with a vengeance should be repaid with punishment in-kind. In order to protect society and prevent crime, the death penalty has to be the most severe form of punishment with the biggest impact on society. Persons who commit murder should suffer and be punished for their inexcusable action(s). The principles of retributivism suggest that a convicted murderer should be executed because they â€Å"deserve† and â€Å"have earned† the death sentence. The right of retaliation can only be made equal by balancing of the crime with the punishment even if it is the death penalty. Those opposed to the death penalty argue that on moral grounds, all lives are sacred and killing is always wrong, a society, which kills, is no better than the murderer’s being punished. The Retributivist maintains that the death must be kept free from all maltrea tment that would cause suffering to be loathsome or abominable. Punishment and more specifically â€Å"Capital Punishment† is a very controversial and sensitive subject. Not all countries actively enforce Capital Punishment as a punishment, for a person found guilty by a Judge and/or Jury. Punishment is repairing an injustice – â€Å"Making a wrong right†. However, the question is â€Å"once a person has been convicted and sentenced to the death penalty† who has the more appropriate point of view: a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Retributivist: Legal Retributivism says that if a law is broken, punishment must result, regardless of any moral effects. Moralistic retributivism is concerned with the wrongdoing itself; if pain and grief have occurred, the criminal should be compensated with an equal punishment to the crime. Convicted felons must be punished and suffer to the full extent of their crime. It is morally fitting that a person who does wrong should suffer in proportion to their wrongdoing. Society must inflict as much pain and suffering on convicted criminals as was inflicted during the commission of their crime(s). b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Utilitarian: A moral theory according to which an action is right if and only if it conforms to the principle of utility. Utilitarianism is applied to the proposition that the supreme objective of moral action is the achievement of the greatest happiness for the grea... ...ed by it. The retributivist would point out that under this view, if punishment of an innocent person can be used to increase good or decrease harm, the utilitarian principle would be justified. Although the retributivist and utilitarian views of punishment differ, I believe that both these ideas exist in the legal system. There are two positions to punishment: a judge follows retributivism, looking to the past event to determine punishment, whereas the legislators follow the utilitarian view, looking to the future at all possible general cases. There are problems with the apparent coexistence of these two views of punishment. A retributivist cannot allow utility to be too involved in determining punishment, since there guiding principle is that those guilty of wrongdoing must be punished, no matter what. Imagine a scenario where so many criminals get away with a crime, that a utilitarian viewing body of law might decide to punish a token innocent in order to calm public fears. Justice is the theory and practice of exacting the price for the action. Convicted murderers should be put to death because they deserve to die. Utilitarian and humanitarian considerations are irrelev ant.

Regulate Irresponsible Cell Phone Users on the Road

The U. S constitution should pass a federal law to ban cell phone use on any moving vehicles. The law should include all 50 states. We get irritated when we are in certain places such as a library, movie theater or a concert when a person is talking or texting on his/her cell phone. But at least our lives are not in danger of extinction. When we are driving on the streets or the highways, however, drivers using their cell phones behind the wheels are more than irritating. These foolish cell phone users are putting our lives at risk.I have witnessed drivers so distracted by texting, chatting or updating their Facebook profiles that they resemble drunk drivers, merging between lanes or nearly driving into pedestrians in the crosswalks. These motorists are not convincing they are dangerous because the governments are not interfering with their careless behaviors. Only a few states are taking action to fines these drivers who are ignoring these safety warnings. For example, New York was the first state to ban motorists from using their cell phone while driving.In the state of New York, drivers that are found guilty of talking or texting behind the wheel, they will automatic fine a $150 violation fees and penalty of two points under the distracted driving handheld law. Many countries and cities in Europe are banning cell phones while driving and are persecuting drivers who are violating the cell phone laws. Some legislators introduce a number of bills to regulate these foolish drivers; apparently, those bills were rejected because most lawmakers do not think it is required.For example, Gary Biller the president of National Motorist Association (NMA) claimed the laws banning cell phone use while driving is not necessary. According to the NMA, talking and texting while driving are already covered by existing distracted-driving laws. It would be more productive, he said, to invest resources in campaigns that discourage careless driving in general. Mr. Biller quoted tha t drivers could easily become distracted by other actions such as having a conversation with their passengers, changing the radio stations, eating or applying make-up.Regulations on cell phone use while driving needed, because technologies are advancing, and more people are becoming more obsessed with their cell phone every five minutes in a day. Seemingly, 80% of people who live in the US have a cell phone and more people owning cell phones are expecting to grow in the future due to the arising of Smartphone’s. Drivers who are using their cell phone while driving are becoming more dangerous, and the laws on negligent and distracted driving are not sufficient to punish those offenders.None of us can disagree with that cell phone users on the road have caused traffic deaths and accidents. New studies verify drivers that are texting while behind the wheel, their reactions are the same as drivers behind the wheel intoxicated at the legal blood-alcohol limit. Insurance companies and researchers suggest that using cell phone while driving is dangerous. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimated that three thousands fatal traffic accidents nationwide that occurred last year were caused by distracted drivers and 70% of those polled were phoning.A survey published by State Farm Insurance, states that using a cell phone while driving delays reaction time the same amount as having a blood alcohol concentration of 0. 08 the legal limit. In 2006, a Utah psychologist did a study and confirms that driving while on the phone is as impaired as drunken driver. By comparing these two types of motorist, here are the psychology results: â€Å"We found that people are as impaired when they drive and talk on a cell phone as they are when they drive intoxicated at the legal blood-alcohol limit† of 0. 8 percent, which is the minimum level that defines illegal drunken driving in most U. S. states, says study co-author Frank Drews, an assistant professor of psychology. â€Å"If legislators really want to address driver distraction, then they should consider outlawing cell phone use while driving. † The report first gained lawmakers attention, but they later compared it with distracted drivers. Nevertheless, the comparison with drunk driving is very serious and lawmakers should look deeper into creating a federal law to prohibit drivers from using their cell phone while on the road.If past studies have demonstrated that using a cell phone while driving is as risky as driving intoxicated. Therefore, law makers should focus to have every states keep a record on fatal accident involving cell phone, based on the statistics—they should pass a federal law on whether a driver should allow to use cell phone while driving or not. Many researchers report the dangers of driving while on the cell phone. Sadly, some lawmakers argued that the states which create those traffic laws to regulate cell phone while driving use are unnecessary .Harvard Center Risk Analysis performed a research in 2002 on how many fatal accidents were results each year due to cell phones usage while driving on the road. They have calculated 2,600 people die each year in car accident due to using their cell phones while driving. I could use myself as an example; I work for TracFone Wireless which is a prepaid cell phone company—where I release information on customers such as call detail records and subscriber information when served a subpoena by third parties.I have come across subpoenas from the deceased family members where the family’s attorney requests cell usage to compare the time of the collision with the phone records. In addition, one day I received a subpoena from a deceased’s family attorney requesting a call record on one of our customers. Although, I have received numerous requests similar to this one, on this particular request, the attorney was more detailed in the subpoena which gets me more aggravated when I see drivers on their cell phones behind the wheel.He requested the call details record to confirm the time the accident occurred that the accused driver was on the phone. The attorney reports that the customer ran a red light at 50 mph broadsided his client vehicle and killed him instantly. From that day forward, I would think twice before I use my cell phone while driving. Furthermore, in 2010 a British news-paper reported a teenager girl who killed a grandmother while she was reading an incoming text message. The police stated that the victim receive the incoming text seconds before the collision.Since mobile phones are becoming more technology advancing which are creating obsessions among many young adults. Legislators should pass a federal law on a national level to restrict use of cell phones while behind the wheel. Moreover, cell phone use on moving vehicles should be enforcing as a primary law in all the 50 states. It will make more sense if the law is not legislated in a state level. As of November 2, 2012, only 10 states restrict motorists from using their cell phones, and 32 states banned school bus drivers from using cell phones behind the wheel.Because researchers and scientist have made public awareness and confirm the dangers of using cell phones while driving. Legislators should focus on drafting a nationwide federal law to enforce hands-free cell phones on all motorists while behind the wheels. It is not fair; the law to ban cell phones is only made available on a few states. If cell phone uses on any moving vehicle are regulating, people will feel safer on the road and it will eliminating unnecessary car accidents. The time has come for the federal governments to adopt legislation to ban the use of cell phone while driving.